To understand how Jewish people read the Bible, it is necessary first to establish the Jewish conception of the Bible. In the Jewish tradition, the term “Bible” generally refers to what is commonly known as the Tanakh, an acronym for Torah, Nevi’im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings). The Tanakh parallels what Christians refer to as the Old Testament, with slight variations in arrangement and sometimes content.
Torah: The Centerpiece of Jewish Scripture
The Torah, the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), forms the foundation of Jewish law and ethics. Traditionally attributed to Moses, the Torah is read cyclically in Jewish communities, from beginning to end, every year. This practice embodies the belief in the Torah’s eternal relevance and the ongoing dialogue between the text and its readers.
Reading with Commentary: The Talmud and Midrash
One of the defining features of Jewish biblical interpretation is the central role of commentary. The Talmud and Midrash, collections of rabbinic interpretations and discussions on the Tanakh and Jewish law, are frequently intertwined with biblical study. These texts offer interpretations and analyses, expand on ethical implications, and attempt to reconcile any perceived contradictions within the Tanakh.
Jewish readers often approach the Bible with these commentaries as a lens, creating a multilayered dialogue between the original text, rabbinic interpretations, and contemporary understandings. This approach emphasizes the view of the Torah not merely as a static text, but as a living conversation that spans generations.
PaRDeS: The Four Levels of Interpretation
In Jewish exegesis (interpretation of scripture), a method called PaRDeS is often used. This acronym stands for P’shat (simple interpretation), Remez (hinted meaning), Derash (interpretation through inquiry), and Sod (mystical interpretation).
- P’shat is the straightforward, literal interpretation of the text.
- Remez refers to allegorical or symbolic meanings hinted at within the text.
- Derash involves interpreting the text through inquiry, debate, and comparative analysis, often with other biblical texts.
- Sod explores the mystical and esoteric aspects of the text.
These four levels of interpretation allow for a rich and multifaceted understanding of the text, acknowledging the complexity and depth of biblical literature.
The Role of Tradition and Ritual
Tradition and ritual are central to the Jewish reading of the Bible. The weekly Torah portion (Parashah) is read publicly during synagogue services, with the entire Torah cycled throughout the year. The reading of the Megillot (Five Scrolls) is incorporated into various Jewish holidays. For instance, the Book of Esther is read during Purim, and the Song of Songs is read during Passover.
Conclusion
The Jewish approach to reading the Bible is rooted in a deep reverence for the text, a commitment to rigorous study, and an understanding of the text as a living, breathing entity. From the literal to the symbolic, from personal study to communal reading, the Bible in Jewish tradition is not only a historic or spiritual document but also a catalyst for ongoing conversation, intellectual exploration, and moral instruction. This rich engagement with the Bible makes it a central and enduring aspect of Jewish life, culture, and thought.
Reference: Verse of the Day Website