David S. Tonge’s new book, "The Enduring Hold of Islam in Turkey: The Revival of the Religious Orders and the Rise of Erdoğan," provides a detailed look at the role of Islam in Turkey’s political landscape. The book covers a significant period in Turkish history, focusing on how religious orders have influenced the country, especially under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
Tonge, a journalist with extensive experience in Turkey, explores the historical roots of Islam in the region, tracing back to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans were not just rulers but also key figures in Sunni Islam, holding the title of caliph since the 16th century. The book highlights how Sufi orders, or tarikat, flourished under Ottoman patronage, providing social services and shaping the spiritual landscape of the empire.
The narrative shifts to the early 20th century, detailing how Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established a secular republic after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Atatürk aimed to modernize Turkey by diminishing the influence of Islam in public life. He abolished the caliphate, closed independent religious schools, and restricted religious practices. This led to a complicated relationship between the state and religion, with various religious leaders and groups pushing back against secular policies.
As Turkey moved into the 21st century, Erdoğan emerged as a significant figure in blending nationalism and Islamism. His rise marked a shift in the political landscape, with Erdoğan promoting a vision of a "New Turkey" that incorporates Islamic values into governance. Tonge emphasizes how Erdoğan’s government has engaged with religious orders, particularly the Nakşibendi family of tarikat, which has historical ties to both Turkey and regions beyond, such as northern India.
The book’s strength lies in its accessibility. Tonge does not assume prior knowledge of Islam or Turkish history, making it approachable for a wide audience. However, the structure of the book can feel sprawling, with a mix of chronological and topical elements that may challenge some readers. To aid understanding, Tonge includes a glossary and index.
In recent years, Turkey’s role in regional politics has grown, especially following its involvement in the Syrian conflict. The book notes that Islam’s presence in Turkish politics is increasing, as evidenced by notable diplomatic events, such as visits to significant religious sites.
Overall, Tonge’s work is a valuable resource for anyone looking to understand the intricate relationship between Islam and politics in Turkey. It sheds light on how historical influences shape contemporary issues in one of the world’s most significant Muslim nations.