Europe is currently experiencing a significant heatwave caused by a phenomenon known as a "heat dome." This weather pattern is affecting many countries, including Spain, France, Italy, and Greece, creating scorching conditions reminiscent of a pizza oven. In the UK, temperatures are expected to reach a rare high of 34°C (93.2°F) today, making it hotter than popular vacation spots like Mexico, Barbados, and Jamaica.
So, what exactly is a heat dome? It occurs when a high-pressure system settles over a region for an extended period. This pressure traps hot air, similar to how a lid keeps heat in a saucepan. As the ground dries out, it absorbs more heat, leading to even higher temperatures. The dome also blocks clouds and cooler air, resulting in clear skies and relentless heat.
The effects of this heat dome are particularly noticeable in southern and eastern England, where temperatures could soar to 34°C. According to Dr. Amy Doherty from the Met Office, such high temperatures are rare in the UK, with only a handful of days reaching this level since the 1960s. Additionally, residents are expected to experience "tropical nights," where temperatures remain above 20°C (68°F) overnight, making it uncomfortable for sleeping.
While the southern parts of the UK are feeling the heat, northern and western regions are experiencing cooler and wetter conditions, as they are outside the high-pressure area.
Scientists are investigating whether heat domes are becoming more common due to climate change. Some research suggests that as the climate warms, heat domes may occur more frequently, leading to more intense heatwaves. Dr. Michael Byrne from the University of St Andrews notes that while there is no definitive agreement on this, it is clear that climate change is making heat domes hotter and more dangerous when they do occur.
Europe has already warmed by more than 2°C since pre-industrial times, making every heatwave more intense. Greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels trap heat in the atmosphere, raising average temperatures. Experts warn that to prevent even more extreme heat in the future, it is essential to reduce fossil fuel use and adapt to the changing climate.
Heatwaves are often referred to as the "silent killer" because they can lead to significant health risks, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly, small children, and pregnant women. The extreme heat can also have negative effects on agriculture, infrastructure, and the environment, increasing the risk of wildfires and crop failures.
As the situation continues to develop, experts emphasize the need for proactive measures to cope with the rising temperatures. Dr. Madeleine Thomson from the Wellcome Trust highlights the importance of taking coordinated action to mitigate and adapt to climate change. She stresses that the tools and knowledge to address these challenges exist, but urgent action is needed to prevent future crises.